Stem-and-leaf Plot

http://www.uow.edu.au/student/attributes/statlit/modules/module2/centre.html

Stem-and-leaf plots are used to show frequency data. In other words, it represents the distribution of the data. The "stem" is the numbers on the left side of the verticle line and the leafs are on the right. The key at the top lets you know that the stems are actually in tens. This means that the "5" is actually "50". The values in the leaf section only represent one value and they follow the stem number. So for instance, if you look at the "5" stem it means the numbers within "50" are 51, 51, 52, 52, 54, 55, and 57. This is an easy way to represent data in a graphic form that is quick to read and does not sacrifice any of the information.

Box Plot

http://staffweb.mps.k12.mi.us/MurphyLL/Resources.html

Box plots are used to represent data at  its five number summaries which consist of sample minimum, lower quartile, median, upper quartile, and sample maximum. This box plot diagram shows the annual snow depths at mathsville ski resort. The line all the way to left shows that the sample minimum is approximately 30, the lower quartile approximately 50, the median approximately 75, upper quartile approximately 105, and the sample maximum approximately 125.

Histogram

http://gnuplot.sourceforge.net/demo_4.3/histograms.html

Histograms are used to show the distributions of data and their frequencies. Their main focus is to show statistical variances of the different variables. This histogram for instance is showing the immigration amounts from Northern Europe into Denmark, Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden during the different years. The years being represented can be found in the top right portion of the graph and are color coordinated with the immigration amounts and country of origin. As one can see, Sweden has by far received the highest amounts of immigrants over the decades.

Parallel Coordinate Graph

http://www.evl.uic.edu/aej/424/kyoung/Training-parallelcoordinate.html

Parallel coordinate graphs are used to view multiple variables at a single time. For these types of graphs, each data set must be placed into the verticle axis's and is then corresponded to each axis through a line that connects them. This type of process is done to show any types of relationships between the different variables. This map is comparing different fish lengths in different areas. As you can see, L1, L2, and L3 show no real difference which means that they are highly correlated. However there are major differences between L21, L32, and L31 and their correlations to each other and different heights and widths.

Triangular Plot

http://www.ex-parrot.com/~chris/wwwitter/20050407-it_doesnt_matter_how_you_vote_either_way_your_planet_is_doomed.html

Triangular plots are used to represent three different data sets at the same time. For this map in particular, it is representing three different major political parties, the Liberal Democrat vote, Conservative vote, Labour vote, and their percentage to win over majority of the parliament in the UK. The white circle in the middle is to represent the current estimate from the opinion polls.

Windrose

http://nj.usgs.gov/grapher/tutorial/examples.html#windrose

Windrose graphs are used to display wind direction and speed for a specific location for a particular time frame. This graph is showing the wind data for Klamath Falls, Oregon from January 1st, 2006 through December 31, 2010. The windrose can tell you which direction winds traveled and the frequency at which they blew. They also can show you the wind speed and how long those winds occured. As you can see most winds flow North, Northwest and had a peak intensity of 18.64%.

Climograph

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CalcuttaMetric.png

Climographs are representations of temperature and precipation observations based upon different times of the year in different areas of the world. They are typically done month by month and used for quick, standardized reports of the climate for specific regions. The red line that is shown near the top of the graph is used to represent the temperature of those months and the green bars are for the precipitation. These maps are great at showing when the hottest and most frequent precipiation amounts are within the year. In addition this map is showing these values for Savannah, Georgia so one can observe that July and August are the hottest months and May receives the heaviest amounts of rainfall and precipitation.

Population Profile

http://www.census.gov/2010census/

This is an example of a population profile because it shows the population distributions of sex and age between male and female in the District of Columbia. The women are color coded with pink and the men with blue. The bottom of the graph is how many individuals there are for the age classes on the right.This image comes from the 2010 Census and you can notice that the main points lie at 30 years old for both men and women.

Scatterplot

http://blogs.mygns.ca/groups/math8v/weblog/d22e6/

Scatterplots are used to plot either one individual or multiple indivuals observations into a diagram so that a trend may be determined between the subjects. For instance, this graph is comparing how years of experience relate to income. The solid line in the middle is the trend line which shows either a negative or positive correlation between these two subjects; for this map there is a possitive correlation.

Lorenz Curve

http://anneclaireramser.wordpress.com/page/2/

The Lorenze Curve, like shown above, is used to present the inequality of distribution of some factor such as income. For this image, and any Lorenze Curve for that matter, the solid black line is used to represent what perfect equality would be whereas the curved line underneath, the Lorenze Curve, is showing what the actual distribution is like. From this map you can tell how unequal the relationship between percentage of populatoin and percentage of national income really is.

Bilateral Graph

http://www.mathworks.com/help/finance/hist.html

Bilateral graphs are used to represent more than one set of data points at a time. These maps are very similar to those of bargraphs or histograms. These maps are used to compare the different sets of data; and in this case they compare different prices at disney on a side-by-side column format.

Nominal Area Choropleth Maps

http://www.veiled-chameleon.com/weblog/archives/2004_07.html

Nominal area choropleth maps are used to represent nominal data on a map so that it may be understood easier. For instance, this map represents the different swing states during the 2004 Presidential Election. This deals with nominal data because each state gets a color that is based off of its political majority of people.

Unstandardized Choropleth Map

http://www.censusscope.org/us/map_common_race.html

This is an example of an unstandardized choropleth map. These types of choropleth maps take the data sets that are being represented and leave them in the original value instead of averaging them out; or standardizing them. For instance, this map is representing the races that have populations larger than the national average of that county. Therefore, it is not standardizing the races but showing the most dominant races by county.

Standardized Choropleth Map

http://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2007/oct/07_0091.htm

This is an example of a standardized choropleth map because the data information is standardized so that it may be easier to use for comparison. For instance, this map standardized the percentage of individuals in the U.S. so that it may be easier to read.

Univariate Choropleth Map

http://www.colocarto.com/custom-thematic-maps.html

This is an example of an univariate choropleth map because it only represents the data for one variable of information. The data comes from the estimated median household income of 2008 and uses a color scheme for the representation.

Bivariate Choropleth Map

http://www.cartogrammar.com/blog/indiemapper-is-here/

This is an example of a bivariate choropleth map because it represents two different data amount simultaneously. This map is representing different age populations in the US back in 1900. If you are looking at the key you will see that the top axis is ages 5-17 and the right axis is 50-64. It then can use different color schemes that will represent the data points that were being used.

Unclassed Choropleth Map

http://www.agocg.ac.uk/reports/visual/casestud/dykes/issue3_1.htm

This is an example of an unclassified choropleth map. This map is much like a classed choropleth map except it uses a continuous gray scale and the cartographers do not have to classify the data being represented.

Classed Choropleth Maps

http://personal.uncc.edu/lagaro/cwg/color/color_symbol.html

This is an example of a classed choropleth map because it takes the information, which in this case expenditures for public education per pupil, and plaes them into "classes" that are color oriented. Each county in North Carolina is represented by one of the five classes located in the key in the bottom left. This map does a great show representing the values because the color gradient of yellow to green really makes the lowest and highest regions stand out.

Range Graded Proportional Circle Map

https://www.e-education.psu.edu/geog486/book/export/html/1796

This is an example of a range graded proportional circle map. These types of proportional circle maps use different size circles to represent the data amounts for multiple areas. For instance, this map uses larger circles to show more motor vehicle deaths in the different counties of California and smaller circles to show lower counts.

Continuously Variable Proportional Circle Map

https://www.e-education.psu.edu/geog486/book/export/html/1796

This is an example of a continuously variable proportional circle map because the circles represent multiple variables, as opposed to the typical proportional circles map. For this image, the size of the circles represent the amounts of meat that these particular areas of France shipped off to the butchers in Paris. In addition for this map, the circles are also represented in pie chart form that show the types of meat and how much was shipped off.

DOQQ

http://www.crwr.utexas.edu/gis/gishydro00/Class/trmproj/Donnelly/termproject.htm

DOQQ stands for Digital Ortho Quarter Quads. They are a digital image of an aerial photo but also help to improve the terrain of the land being photographed. This is an example of a DOQQ map of Texas that shows a 500-year floodplain. These maps can be color schemed such as the Red above, or Black and White.

DEM

http://www.humboldt.edu/geology/courses/geology350/350_maps_airphotos.html

This is an example of Digital Elevation Model. These types of maps can be used for many different types of analysis such as precipitation patterns or wind patterns but they represent one key feature which is elevation. This map here shows the elevation of the Lomerias Muertas in Chittenden, California. One can notice though the in the top left portion of the image we can see white caps which means these are the highest points of the range.

DLG Map

http://barthelmy.com/consulting/projects/proj_custom_data_MidContinent.htm

A DLG map is a cartographic map from the USGS that is represented in digital form. This map for instance represents different data lined out such as county boundaries, but it can also include hydrographic features, roads, National Park boundaries, and etc.

DRG

http://www.tceq.texas.gov/gis/drg.html

A DRG map, also known as a Digital Raster Graphic, is a scanned image of a USGS topographic map into a computer. These maps can include spatial data, geographical features, and any other aspect of a map. This map here is a scanned image from a topographic map that represents the Colorado River and surrounding features such as schools.

Isopleth Map

http://dwb4.unl.edu/Chem/CHEM869V/CHEM869VLinks/weather.about.com/newsissues/weather/library/weekly/aa071600a.htm

This is an example of an isopleth map that uses the third dimension of color to indicate the Nitrate ion concentration of the US in 1998. Isopleth maps are used to simplify data that is continuously distributed across a region. In this case, after looking at the key located at the bottom right, one can observe that the most highly concentrated areas were located in the North eastern states and with the highest being at a 2.0 mg/L in Michigan.

Isopachs

http://www.geology.ohio-state.edu/~vonfrese/gs100/lect35/index.html

This is an example of an Isopach map of the United States. These maps are used to represent rock thickness in certain regions. Contour lines are used to show equal rock thickness'. This map here shows the Cambrian System in North America.

Isohyets

http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/leslie2000.html

This is an example of a isohyet map of South Florida after the Subtropical Depression Leslie struck the region. These types of maps are designed to try and predict the amount of rainfall within certain areas or indicate how much as fallen already. The contour lines are used to show how much precipitation has fallen within those areas, and to make things even easier they are color coordinated with the key located in the top right portion of the map. This map shows the rainfall amounts in to 2 inch intervals and also shows the South Miami received 17.50" of rain.

Isotach

http://www.erh.noaa.gov/btv/events/28Oct2008/ua2.php

This is an example of an Isotach map of the United States. Each line represents equal wind speed and they also show the direction they are moving.

Isobar

http://mxp.blogs.cnn.com/category/weather/rain/
.
This is an example of an isobar map of the United States. Each line represents the barometric pressure across that gradient. In other words, the same barometric pressure is found everywhere along that specific line.

LIDAR

http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories/s798.htm

This is an example of a LIDAR image from NOAA that shows piles of rubble and debris in New York back in 2001. The LIDAR is available from planes with special lasers on them that scan the areas and allow 3-D images to be produced. In this case, the images were produced so that construction workers knew what types of cranes would be appropriate for the clean-up procedures.

Doppler Radar

http://www.srh.noaa.gov/mlb/?n=frances

This is an example of a Doppler Radar map used by National Weather Service that shows Hurricane Frances over Florida. These types of maps show rainfall based on its color. The darker colors such as orange to purple represent more violent weather because those areas have higher clouds which means colder clouds which means more stored precipitation.

Black and White Aerial Photo Map

http://freegeographytools.com/2007/goofing-around-with-pan-sharpening

This is a black and white aerial photo of what appears to be a small town with a residential neighborhood,  major roads, and companies. These types of photos are more traditional based because they do not have a wide color scheme, only those that range between black and white.

Infrared Aerial Photo

http://www.achromaticplus.co.uk/index.php?page=infrared-aerial

This is an example of an infrared aerial photo. It is using infrared imaging which measures wavelengths to determine aspects such as thermal radiation. This map is looking at Moffett Field, California and the different shades of red indicated different temperatures in those areas.

Cartographic Animation Map

http://uwacadweb.uwyo.edu/JSHINKER/animations/global/

This is an example of a cartographic animation. It shows the different wind velocity magnitudes at 500 mb in Height all over the world with a color key located in the bottom left. It is an animation because it is a "moving" image.

Statistical Map

http://seattlebubble.com/blog/2006/09/11/mapping-housing-market-health/

This is an example of a stistitical map. These types of maps use statistics from numerical data to represent information. In this picture, the statistics are those of income drops within all 50 states; it also goes to show  that Michigan had the lowest income drop.

Cartogram

http://www-personal.umich.edu/~mejn/election/2012/

This is an example of a cartogram map that is redrawn to show the states based off of their populations instead of acreage. The significance for redrawing the map this way is that during the 2012 Presidential Election, if one was to be looking at a typical US map the Republican Party (Red) would appear to take up majority of the states making it appear that Romney won, when it actuality the Democratic Party (Blue) won because the states in blue contain much more population than those in red. For reasons like this, Cartogram maps are drawn to help show better representations of factors such as population.

Flow Map

http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/freight/freight_analysis/nat_freight_stats/tonhwyrrww2007.htm

This is an example of a Flow Map because it uses lines to show movement of certain subjects. For instance, this image represents the annual freight tonnage by seperate modes like the National Highway System, U.S. Class I Railroad, and Inland Waterways. The thickness of the lines also helps readers to determine where the most flow takes place.

Isoline Maps

http://giscommons.org/?page_id=18

This is an example of an isoline map because it shows equal data over the continuous surface of different areas. For instance, the lines above, also known as contour lines, represent equal data along the line through the help of multiple measurements taken in the locations. This map is one that I believe shows equal elevation patterns of the United States.

Proportional Circles Map

https://www.e-education.psu.edu/natureofgeoinfo/book/export/html/1553

Proportional cirlce maps are used to represent the value of particular data set in a certain area. In this case, each dot represents the Hispanic population in each state based on the how many Hispanics there are. For instance, the larger the dot, the larger the population.

Dot Distribution Map

https://www.census.gov/geo/www/mapGallery/2kpopden.html

Dot distribution maps are used to represent different quantitave data found in particular areas. In this case, each dot represents 7,500 people. The map is used to represent population distribution across the United States based off of the year 2000 Census.

Propoganda Map

http://kuoest.wordpress.com/

Propoganda maps use distortion of scale and boundaries to help persuade people to particular views. This is an example of a Propoganda map because it uses distortion to help persuade people towards a particular geopolitical view. This is how Ronald Reagan saw the world during the Cold War, and I think its interesting how Taiwan is made as large as China and that Japan is in the shape of a car.

Hypsometric Map

http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/reference/provincesterritoriesrelief/bc_relief

Hypsometric maps are used to show relief on the surface through a third dimension type such as coloring and shaping, contour lines, and/or raised relief. This is a map of British Columbia that expresses elevation. The elevation is expressed through a color scheme on the map correlated with the scale on the right side of the map.

PLSS Map

http://www.fgdc.gov/library/whitepapers-reports/annual%20reports/2008/web-version/AppendixC.html

The PLSS map (or the Public Land Survey System) is used a cadastral map that is designed to help identify land ownership among different areas. This is an example of a statewide standardized PLSS map. Based off of the information provided, there are 30 public domain states.

Cadastral Map

http://www.dalisproject.org/(S(rk0sgunu5prg1jfwact1euys))/pages/findMapsheet.aspx

Cadastral maps are used to help show ownership of land property within different boundaries as well as other basically any other detail such as specific landmarks and features. This is cadastral map that shows land parcels in Delaware County through a use of different colors as well as bold borders. Although this is just a simple example, these maps can go into much more detail about different areas.

Thematic Map

http://soils.usda.gov/use/thematic/moist_regimes.html

This is a representation of a Thematic Map because it shows a specific them (in this case soil regimes), in relation to specific geographic areas (in this case the contiguous United States). It is not designed to show multiple geographic features such as forests and roads. It specifically portrays spatial variations that are related to geographical distributions such as states.

Choropleth Map

http://my.ilstu.edu/~jrcarter/Geo204/Choro/Tom/

This is a representation of a Choropleth Map using different shades of green to represent the percent of Hispanic or Latino persons (of any race) in Florida by County. As you can see, the darker shades of green indicate that there is a larger percent of Hispanic or Latino persons, as compared to the lighter shades of green, or less percent. On a side note, this map uses data from the 2000 Census so its data may be different in present time.

Topographic Map

http://www.nh.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/topomaps.html


The above image is a basic representation of a topographic map. It primarily shows the elevation of an object through the use of contour lines. It also represents the size and shape of the feature. When describing certain objects, the largest contour line surrounds the base of the object and and its height above sea level. As the lines, or circles, get smaller, the elevation of the feature increases as recorded by the number corresponding to that line. The rate of elevation can be depicted by how close or how spread out the lines are with respect to each other.

Planimetric Maps

http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/fova/clr2-5c.htm

This here is a representation of a planimetric map because it only shows the horizontal aspects of the region, it does not take into consideration the vertical aspects as well, so therefore it does not express them.

Azimuthal Equidistant

http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~dbertuca/maps/cat/map-projections.html

This is a representation of an azimuthal map that is also equidistant. What this means is that it takes a spherical surface and places it on to a flat plane. This is possible by taking a flat plane that is tangent to the spherical surface so that contact is at a single point. Then if you were to look at the spherical surface that is encompassed through the flat plane, you have created an azimuthal projection. This example is also equidistant meaning that each point on the map is in true distance as it would be in reality and maintain their actual proportions to one another.

Mental Maps

http://www.fedstats.gov/kids/mapstats/concepts_mentalmaps.html

This is a representation of what appears to be a neighborhood that was drawn based off of the author's own memory. The interesting thing about mental maps is that no map is alike. Each map represents what that person sees as the unique qualities of that place and/or their own personal experiences there. Mental maps are directly in relation to an individual's own imagination and how they perceive someplace, so in a sense they are never truly wrong. Mental map's are also generally stored within the individuals mind, however in some cases, like seen above, they may be drawn out.